Paper: Bioelectric Signaling in Regeneration: Ionic Control Mechanisms of Growth and Shape

Experimental research in developmental biophysics and regenerative morphogenesis demonstrates that the anatomical architecture of multicellular organisms is not statically or exhaustively encoded in the linear DNA sequence. Through the manipulation of endogenous bioelectric gradients in intercellular networks, Dr. Michael Levin's team shows that biological tissues process higher-level geometric and anatomical information (morphological memory) through a non-genomic bioelectric code. This signaling system operates as a cybernetic network that instructs individual cells about the global shape of the organ or limb to be regenerated, allowing complex morphological reconfigurations without altering the nucleotide sequence of the genome, which refutes reductionist genetic determinism and reveals the existence of formal fields intrinsic to living things.